Database

Having acquired their license, the Lagos company equipped a fleet of six slave ships and about thirty men that set out for the Arguin banks in the spring of 1444.

Raid in Mauritania had low yield and raid in Senegal was unsuccessful.

Conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople's ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days.

In 1488, Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450-1500) became the first European mariner to round the southern tip of Africa, opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia.

Columbus and his ships landed on an island that the native Lucayan people called Guanahani. Columbus renamed it San Salvador. It is now the Bahamas. “‘First contact’ between Indigenous and Europeans in the Americas. He meets the Arawak, Taino, and Lucayan peoples. “Believing at first that he had reached the East Indies, he describes the natives he meets as ‘Indians.’ On his first day, he orders six natives to be seized as servants.”

Colonization's critical point. Pope Alexander VI divided the newly-discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire. Portugal and Spain largely respected the treaty. The other European powers however did not sign the treaty and generally ignored it, particularly those that became Protestant after the Reformation. Similarly, the indigenous peoples of the Americas did not acknowledge the treaty, and as the legal foundation for the discovery doctrine,[9] it has been a source of ongoing tension regarding land ownership into modern times, cited as recently as the 2005 United States Supreme Court case Sherrill v. Oneida Nation.

Opens up colonization of Africa and India

Juan Ponce de Leon claims “La Florida” for Spain, April 1513

The Protestant Reformation began in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517, when Martin Luther, a teacher and a monk, published a document he called Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, or 95 Theses. The document was a series of 95 ideas about Christianity that he invited people to debate with him.

King Charles I authorized Spain to ship enslaved people directly from Africa to the Americas. The edict marked a new phase in the transatlantic slave trade in which the numbers of enslaved people brought directly to the Americas—without going through a European port first - rose dramatically.

Ponce de Leon fatally wounded by Native Americans on return trip to start a colony

In January 1524 he sailed one of those vessels, La Dauphine, to the New World and reached Cape Fear about the beginning of March. Verrazzano then sailed northward, exploring the eastern coast of North America. He made several discoveries on the voyage, including the sites of present-day New York Harbor, Block Island, and Narragansett Bay, and was the first European explorer to name newly discovered North American sites after persons and places in the Old World.

Even before Jamestown or the Plymouth Colony, the oldest permanent European settlement in what is now the United States was founded in September 1565 by a Spanish soldier named Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in St. Augustine, Florida. Menéndez picked the colony’s name because he originally spotted the site on August 28, the feast day of St. Augustine.

13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775–81).

In late August, 1619, 20-30 enslaved Africans landed at Point Comfort, today's Fort Monroe in Hampton, Va., aboard the English privateer ship White Lion. In Virginia, these Africans were traded in exchange for supplies. Several days later, a second ship (Treasurer) arrived in Virginia with additional enslaved Africans.

On August 20, 1619, “20 and odd” Angolans, kidnapped by the Portuguese, arrive in the British colony of Virginia and are then bought by English colonists. The arrival of the enslaved Africans in the New World marks a beginning of two and a half centuries of slavery in North America.

The Indian Massacre of 1622 was an attack on the settlements of the Virginia Colony by the tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy under their leader Opchanacanough (l. 1554-1646) and his brother Opitchapam (d. c. 1630) resulting in the deaths of 347 colonists.

French explorers navigate the Mississippi and Arkansas Rivers

The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition against slavery was the first protest against African American slavery made by a religious body in the English colonies.

On the evening of April 6, the spark caught fire. That night, a group of approximately 23 slaves gathered in an orchard on Maiden Lane in the center of town.

John Law’s concession was established in August 1721 and was located at Little Prairie, just over twenty-six miles from the mouth of the Arkansas River, in present-day Arkansas County.

British colony of South Carolina was shaken by a slave uprising September 9th, 1739

Enacted after the Stono rebellion in South Carolina. Prohibited enslaved African people from growing their own food, learning to read, moving freely, assembling in groups, or earning money. It also authorized white enslavers to whip and kill enslaved Africans for being "rebellious."

In 1752, a treaty was held at Logstown with representatives of the Iroquois (Six Nations), Lenape, and Shawnee tribes.

(Seven Years War) between the British and the French begins, with Native American alliances aiding the French; both sides allied with various Indian tribes.

Alliance between North American indigenous nations and the French, centered on the Great Lakes and the Illinois country during the French and Indian War.

Seven British American colonies proposed a union in North America for their security against Indigenous tribes, Canadians and the French. (Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island).

The fighting between Anglo-American and French troops in North America raged for almost a year before any formal declaration of war was made. The British finally declared war on France on 20 May 1756. The French did not issue a formal declaration of war against Britain until June.

A colonial agreement signed in October 1758 during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) between British colonials and the chiefs of 13 Native American nations, representing tribes of the Iroquois, Lenape (Delaware), and Shawnee.

(to end the Anglo-Cherokee War)

Ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France. New France ceded to Britain and Spain.

In order to get these valuable colonies back, Spain was forced to give up Florida. Signed on February 10, 1763, the First Treaty of Paris, gave all of Florida to the British.

Launched by a loose confederation of Native Americans in the Great Lakes region dissatisfied with British rule/ British forts and settlements in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War.

Ottawa Chief Pontiac leads Native American forces into battle against the British in Detroit. The British retaliate by attacking Pontiac’s warriors in Detroit on July 31, in what is known as the Battle of Bloody Run. Pontiac and company successfully fend them off, but there are several casualties on both sides.

The Royal Proclamation is a document that set out guidelines for European settlement of Aboriginal territories in what is now North America; Royal Proclamation explicitly states that Aboriginal title has existed and continues to exist, and that all land would be considered Aboriginal land until ceded by treaty.

The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown, establishing the constitution that created the United States of America, the first modern constitutional liberal democracy.

Relinquishing all Cherokee claims to the property west of the Allegheny Mountains and east of the Ohio River, comprising all of present-day West Virginia except the extreme southwestern part of the state October 17, 1768.

In response to Pontiac’s War.

Considered the first Black Patriot

Fixed the boundary for the western limit of the colonial frontier settlements of Virginia and North Carolina

Lord Mansfield's judgment ruled that slaves could not be transported out of England against their will. Case helped launch the movement to abolish slavery. May 1772.

British colony of Virginia against Indians of Shawnee and Mingo, fought in current West Virginia.

The Battles of Lexington and Concord, fought on April 19, 1775, kicked off the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). Tensions had been building for many years between residents of the 13 American colonies and the British authorities, particularly in Massachusetts. On the night of April 18, 1775, hundreds of British troops marched from Boston to nearby Concord in order to seize an arms cache.

AKA the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, secured American independence from Great Britain. Fighting began on April 19, 1775, followed by the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The American Patriots were supported by the Kingdom of France and to a lesser extent the Spanish Empire, in a conflict taking place in North America, the Caribbean, and Atlantic Ocean.

A regiment in the Continental Army raised in Rhode Island during the American Revolutionary War (1775–83). It was one of the few units in the Continental Army to serve through the entire war, from the siege of Boston to the disbanding of the Continental Army on November 3, 1783.

A Native American military unit that served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. The militia unit was composed of Mohican, Wappinger, and Munsee. They were the first group of Native Americans to fight for the cause of American independence during the Revolutionary War.

The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on Saturday June 17, 1775 during the Siege of Boston in the first stage of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts, which was peripherally involved in the battle.

Four commissioners appointed by Congress met with the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy.

The Ethiopian Regiment, better known as Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment, was a British colonial military unit organized during the American Revolution by the Earl of Dunmore, last Royal Governor of Virginia. Composed of formerly enslaved people who had escaped from Patriot masters, it was led by British officers and sergeants. The regiment was disbanded in 1776, though many of its soldiers probably went on to serve in other Black Loyalist units.

The royal governor of Virginia declared martial law and required ALL men to bear arms. Including indentured and enslaved workers (whose masters were in rebellion against the Crown).

A series of raids, campaigns, ambushes, minor skirmishes, and full-scale frontier battles in the Old Southwest.

The Battle of Rhode Island (also known as the Battle of Quaker Hill and the Battle of Newport) took place on August 29, 1778. The battle was the first attempt at cooperation between French and American forces following France’s entry into the war as an American ally.

First treaty of American colonists with a Native American nation.

An historical document issued by British Army General Sir Henry Clinton on June 30, 1779, intended to encourage slaves to run away and enlist in the Royal Forces.

Patriots Captain David Humphreys' All Black, 2nd Company, of the Connecticut Continental Line, served from October 1780-November 1782.

The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after ratification by all the states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to establish and preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The weak central government established by the Articles received only those powers which the former colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament.

Franco-American campaign that entrapped the British army on a peninsula at Yorktown, VA, and forced its surrender. September 28–October 19, 1781

A complete record of each person’s name, the master he formerly belonged to, and such other details as would help to “denote his value” 3000 Black Loyalists were given freedom (and land) and relocated to Nova Scotia. Others to the Caribbean and London.

American Revolutionary War battle that resulted in a Confederate surrender. contributed to a Union hold on Arkansas. Facilitated the subsequent Union occupation of Little Rock.

Treaty ends American Revolutionary War and First British Empire.

Proclamation by the Congress of the Confederation dated September 22, 1783 prohibiting the extinguishment of aboriginal title in the United States without the consent of the federal government. Countered by the Indian Affairs Committee Report of 1783.

Northwestern Indian Confederacy / United Indian Nations; Native American Nations assembled after the loss of the British in the American Revolutionary War.Cherokee, Chippewa, Delaware, Five Nations,, Miami, Odawa, Ojibwa, Pottawatomie, Shawnee, Twichtwee, Wyandot, Wabash Confederacy. The NW Indian Confederacy referred to itself as the United Indian Nations, at their Confederate Council. Formed to resist the expansion of the United States and the encroachment of American settlers into the Northwest Territory after Great Britain ceded the region to the U.S. in the 1783 Treaty of Paris.

“An act directing the emancipation of certain slaves who have served as soldiers in this state, and for the emancipation of the slave Aberdeen.” (October 20, 1783) Virginia law: enslaved men who “have faithfully served agreeable to the terms of their enlistment, and have thereby of course contributed towards the establishment of American liberty and independence, should enjoy the blessings of freedom as a reward for their toils and labours.”

(Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Tuscarora, Cayuga, Onondaga Nations)

Wyandotte, Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa Nations

Three chiefs, one from among the Wiandot, and two from among the Delaware nations, shall be delivered up to the Commissioners of the United States, to be by them retained till all the prisoners, white and black, taken by the said nations, or any of them, shall be restored.

Articles of a Treaty concluded at Fort McIntosh the 21st day of January 1785 Between the Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America of the one part and the Sachems and Warriors of the Wiandot, Delaware, Chippawa and Ottawa Nations of the other.

Placed the native Cherokees under the protection of the US and Established land boundaries and rights.

Three hundred yards northwest of the Hopewell property on November 28, 1785, U.S. Treaty Commissioners Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, Joseph Martin and Lachlan McIntosh met with 918 Cherokees and signed the first treaty between the United States of America and the Cherokee Nation.

Article 3 provides that "The boundary of the lands hereby allotted to the Choctaw nation to live and hunt on within the limits of the United States of America is and shall be the following, viz: Beginning at a point on the thirty-first degree of N. latitude, where the eastern boundary of the Natches district shall touch the same; thence E. along the said thirty-first degree of N. latitude, being the southern boundary of the United States of America, until it shall strike the eastern boundary of the lands on which the Indians of the said nation did live and hunt on the 29th of Nov., 1782, while they were under the protection of the King of Great Britain; thence northerly along the said eastern boundary, until it shall meet the northern boundary of the said lands; thence westerly along the said northern boundary, until it shall meet the western boundary thereof; thence southerly along the same to the beginning."

The Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the Chickasaw nation, shall restore all the prisoners, citizens of the United States, to their entire liberty, if any there be in the Chickasaw nation. They shall also restore all the negroes, and all other property taken during the late war, from the citizens, if any there be in the Chickasaw nation, to such person, and at such time and place, as the Commissioners of the United States of America shall appoint.

The Treaty of Fort Finney, also known as the Treaty at the Mouth of the Great Miami, was signed on January 31, 1786 at Fort Finney near modern day Cincinnati between the United States and Shawnee leaders after the American Revolutionary War, ceding parts of the Ohio country to the United States.

Speech to the Congress of the United States of America implored the US Govt/13 states to make treaties with the Confederate Council and cease and void individual treaties.

British Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade is founded. They will become a major force for abolition; a British abolitionist group formed on 22 May 1787

At the Constitutional Convention delegates fiercely debated the issue of slavery. They ultimately agreed that the United States would potentially cease importation of slaves in.

Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3 stated that, “no person held to service or labor” would be released from bondage in the event they escaped to a free state. By the time of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, many Northern states had abolished slavery. Out of concern that free states would become safe havens for runaways.

The Northwest Ordinance also protected civil liberties and outlawed slavery in the new territories; Also first Attempt as a policy statment with tribe relations. stated that indian land and propert shall never be taken.

By 1786, defects in the post-Revolutionary War Articles of Confederation were apparent, such as the lack of central authority over foreign and domestic commerce. Congress endorsed a plan to draft a new constitution, and on May 25, 1787, the Constitutional Convention convened at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. On September 17, 1787, after three months of debate moderated by convention president George Washington, the new U.S. constitution, which created a strong federal government with an intricate system of checks and balances, was signed by 38 of the 41 delegates present at the conclusion of the convention. As dictated by Article VII, the document would not become binding until it was ratified by nine of the 13 states.

Congressional Ordinance

The United States of America confirm to the Six Nations all the lands which they inhabit, lying east and north of the beforementioned boundary line, and relinquish and quit claim to the same and every part thereof, excepting only six miles square round the fort of Oswego, which six miles square round said fort is again reserved to the United States by these presents.

WHEREAS the United States in Congress assembled, did, by their Commissioners George Rogers Clark, Richard Butler, and Arthur Lee, Esquires, duly appointed for that purpose, at a treaty holden with the Wiandot, Delaware, Ottawa and Chippewa nations, at Fort M'lntosh, on the twenty-first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, conclude a peace with the Wyandots, Delawares, Ottawas and Chippewas, and take them into their friendship and protection: And whereas at the said treaty it was stipulated that all prisoners that had been made by those nations, or either of them, should be delivered up to the United States.

The French Revolution had general causes common to all the revolutions of the West at the end of the 18th century and particular causes that explain why it was by far the most violent and the most universally significant of these revolutions. The first of the general causes was the social structure of the West.

BIA version 1

French National Constituent Assembly defined individual and collective rights.

A Treaty of Peace and Friendship made and concluded between the President of the United States of America, on the Part and Behalf of the said States, and the undersigned Kings, Chiefs, and Warriors of the Creek Nation of Indians, or the Part and Behalf of the said Nation.

Treaty of Holston: Erosion of Cherokee land rights on non-hunting grounds; Cherokees revolt against the encroachment of white settlements. To reestablish peace between the Cherokees and the settlers, the Cherokees agreed to give up all land outside of their established borders.

Raynal's prediction came true on the night of 21 August 1791, when the slaves of Saint-Domingue rose in revolt; thousands of slaves attended a secret vodou ceremony as a tropical storm came in—the lighting and the thunder were taken as auspicious omens—and later that night, the slaves began to kill their masters and plunged the colony into civil war.

First republic in the New World to be governed by a majority Black population. 2nd country in the Americas to win independence.

Authorized local governments to seize and return escapees to their owners and imposed penalties on anyone who aided in their flight. Widespread resistance to the 1793 law led to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which added more provisions regarding runaways and levied even harsher punishments for interfering in their capture.

Abolishes slavery in French colonies; France issues decree to free all slaves.

Prohibited making, loading, outfitting, equipping, or dispatching of any ship to be used in the trade of slaves.

The last major battle over Northwest territory between Native Americans and the United States following the Revolutionary War, commences and results in U.S. victory.

A Treaty between the United States of America, and the Tribes of Indians called the Six Nations; The President of the United States having determined to hold a conference with the Six Nations of Indians, for the purpose of removing from their minds all causes of complaint, and establishing a firm and permanent friendship with them; and Timothy Pickering being appointed sole agent for that purpose; and the agent having met and conferred with the Sachems, Chiefs and Warriors of the Six Nations, in a general council: Now, in order to accomplish the good design of this conference, the parties have agreed on the following articles; which, when ratified by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, shall be binding on them and the Six Nations.

Post American Revolutionary War signed by George Washington + Six Nations

In the late war between Great-Britain and the United States of America, a body of the Oneida and Tuscorora and the Stockbridge Indians, adhered faithfully to the United States, and assisted them with their warriors; and in consequence of this adherence and assistance, the Oneidas and Tuscororas, at an unfortunate period of the war, were driven from their homes, and their houses were burnt and their property destroyed: And as the United States in the time of their distress, acknowledged their obligations to these faithful friends, and promised to reward them: and the United States being now in a condition to fulfil the promises then made: the following articles are stipulated by the respective parties for that purpose; to be in force when ratified by the President and Senate.

Northwestern Confederacy negotiated the Treaty of Greenville with the United States; Included the Indigenous Nations northwest of the Ohio River including the Wyandot and Delaware peoples, that redefined the boundary between indigenous peoples' lands and territory for European American community settlement (now Midwestern United States).

Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney Treaty): defined the border between the United States and Spanish Florida, and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

This treaty served as an addendum to the Treaty of Holston and was the only treaty between the United States and Native Americans executed during the administration of President John Adams.

Outlawed U.S. citizens' investment in the trade, and the employment of U.S. citizens on ships involved in the trade.

Gabriel Prosser, a literate enslaved blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion in the Richmond, Virginia, area in the summer of 1800. Information regarding the revolt was leaked prior to its execution, and he and twenty-five followers were hanged.

Spain and France Agree to exchange the North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany.

Enslaved Africans led by Toussaint Louverture Capture France’s most lucrative colony Achieve independence from France, abolish slavery in their constitution.

The Treaty of Fort Adams was the second treaty, and it was signed to December 17, 1801

In January 1802, an invasion force ordered by Napoleon landed on Saint-Domingue, and after several months of furious fighting, Toussaint agreed to a cease-fire. He retired to his plantation but in 1803 was arrested and taken to a dungeon in the French Alps, where he was tortured and died in April.

Compact of 1802: removal of Cherokees from the state and their land titles. Georgia gives up Western Land

Treaty Between the United States and the Chickasaw Indians Signed at Chickasaw Bluffs, with the Instrument of Ratification Signed by President Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison on May 1, 1802

The Law of 20 May 1802 explicitly concerned the territories which were not affected by the abolitionist law of 4 February 1794: it was linked to the Treaty of Amiens of 26 March 1802, which returned Martinique, Tobago and Saint Lucia to France. Consequently, it did not apply to Guadeloupe, Guyana or Santo Domingo . The reestablishment of slavery in Guadeloupe, first imposed militarily and illegally by General Richepanse, was formalized by another legislative measure, the consular decree of 16 July 1802 (27 Messidor year X). That document charged Denis Decrès, then Minister of the Navy and the Colonies, to restore slavery in Guadeloupe.

The Treaty of Fort Confederation was signed on October 17, 1802 between the Choctaw (an American Indian tribe) and the United States Government.

Instrument Of Ratification Signed By President Thomas Jefferson And Secretary Of State James Madison On January 12, 1803

On the morning of 7 April 1803, Toussaint Louverture, leader of the slave insurrection in French Saint-Domingue that led to the Haitian Revolution, was found dead by a guard in the prison in France where he had been held captive for nearly eight months.

Louisiana Purchase: Marked the era of court decisions to remove many tribes east of mississippi River. 1803 - 1840 era of Indian Removal; (treaty between the United States and France, the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million); Sale of land west of the Mississippi that would become Arkansas by France granted the United States sole authority to obtain the land from its indigenous inhabitants.

A successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence.

Corps of Discovery / A specially-established unit of the United States Army which formed the nucleus of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

14 series of treaties signed between the US and various Native American tribes from 1804 through 1824. The fourteen treaties were all signed in the St. Louis, Missouri area.Quashquame, a tribal spokesman, grants the US settlement rights to 20 million hectares of territory in western Illinois and northeast Missouri in exchange for $1000/mo and the release of a tribesman who murdered a white man and was summarily killed.

The federal government paid off $20,000 in Chickasaw trading debts in return for 2.25 million acres of hunting land in present-day Kentucky, central Tennessee, and northern Alabama.

Once again the Choctaw were persuaded to sign because they had created large debts with trading companies.

Against the law for any British ship or British subject to trade in enslaved people. Plantation slavery still existed in British colonies.

Abolished slave trade throughout the British Empire.

Made it a felony to import slaves from abroad.

Signed at Fort Osage (then called Fort Clark) on November 10, 1808, (ratified on April 28, 1810) in which the Osage Nation ceded all the land east of the fort in Missouri and Arkansas north of the Arkansas River to the United States.

Chief Justice Marshall uses the term “title” to refer to the Indian right of ownership of land and asserts that Indian people have all the rights of ownership except for the right to dispose of the land to any other European country.

On January 8, 1811, more than 500 enslaved people took up arms in one of the largest slave rebellions in U.S. history.

US forces overcome Tenskwatawa and Prophetstown in Tecumseh’s absence.

War of 1812: United States v. Great Britain (americans fear Red sticks would ally with the British). and Cherokee allied with America to prove loyalty; President James Madison signs a declaration of war against Britain, beginning the war between U.S. forces and the British, French and Native Americans over independence and territory expansion. June 18, 1812.

British forces allied with Tecumseh's confederacy (aka surrender of Detroit or Battle of Fort Detroit. An early engagement in the British-U.S. War of 1812. A British force under Major General Isaac Brock with Native American allies under Shawnee leader Tecumseh used bluff and deception to intimidate U.S. Brigadier General William Hull into surrendering the fort and town of Detroit, Michigan.

Attack on Fort Mims: 1st major battle of the Creek War, 700 Creek (Red Sticks) killed 250 and captured 100

Death of Tecumseh, fall of Tecumseh’s Confederacy and the opening of the Old Northwest.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend: Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks and forced a treaty to surrender 20 million acres to the U.S.; Andrew Jackson, U.S. forces and Native American allies attack Creek Indians who opposed American expansion and encroachment of their territory. The Creeks cede more than 20 million acres of land after their loss. March 27, 1814

The History of Dutch slavery involves slavery in the Netherlands itself, as well as the establishment of slavery outside the Netherlands in which it played a role. The Netherlands banned the slave trade in 1814 after being compelled by Britain.

Treaty of Fort Jackson (Treaty with the Creeks): Concludes Creek War, Creeks forced to cede more than 21 million acres in Mississippi territory. lead to removal of Creek to the West; Signed to end the Creek War 1813-14 (part of War of 1812)

Ends the War of 1812. signed by British and American representatives at Ghent, Belgium.

The Treaties of Portage des Sioux were a series of treaties at Portage des Sioux, Missouri in 1815 that officially were supposed to mark the end of conflicts between the United States and Native Americans at the conclusion of the War of 1812.

The Chickasaw nation cede to the United States (with the exception of such reservations as shall hereafter be specified) all right or title to lands on the north side of the Tennessee river, and relinquish all claim to territory on the south side of said river, and east of a line commencing at the mouth of Caney creek, running up said creek to its source, thence a due south course to the ridge path, or commonly called Gaines's road, along said road south westwardly to a point on the Tombigby river, well known by the name of the Cotton Gin port, and down the west bank of the Tombigby to the Chocktaw boundary.

The Treaty of Fort St. Stephens, the sixth treaty, was signed on October 24, 1816. It provided for the cession of Choctaw land east of the Tombigbee River, approximately 10,000 acres.

Acknowledged the division between the Upper Towns, which opposed emigration, and the Lower Towns, which favored emigration, and provided benefits for those who chose to emigrate west and 640-acre (2.6 km2) reservations for those who did not, with the possibility of citizenship of the state they are in.

First Seminole War: tribes forced into Southern FL by Andrew Jackson's campaigns; 1818 | 1st Seminole War Ends in Defeat of Indigenous Nations + BlacksBy General Andrew Jackson to end the First Seminole War; US Army led by Andrew Jackson push Seminoles south; Black Seminoles, also called Seminole Maroons or Seminole Freedmen

The Treaty of St. Louis (also known as the Treaty with the Osage or the Osage Treaty) was signed on September 25, 1818, in St. Louis between William Clark of the United States and members of the Osage Nation.

But ultimately, on October 19, 1818, the Chickasaws accepted $20,000 per year for 15 years and the U.S. agreed to pay off certain debts. This treaty (and the 1816 Treaty of the Council House) established the requirement that Chickasaws receive cash, not goods, in exchange for their land.

Articles of a convention made between John C. Calhoun Secretary of War, being specially authorized therefor by the President of the United States, and the undersigned Chiefs and Head Men of the Cherokee nation of Indians, duly authorized and empowered by said nation, at the City of Washington, on the twenty-seventh day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and nineteen.

Civilization Fund Act: a $10,000 fund that's Intended to prevent further decline in Native American Civilization, however, president was given authority to take actions to civilized natives into white society.

Arkansas Post became part of the United States following the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. By 1819, the post was a thriving river port and the largest city in the region and selected as the first capital of the Arkansas Territory.

Missouri Compromise: the decisive votes in the House admitted Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state, and made free soil all western territories north of Missouri’s southern border; It marked the beginning of the prolonged sectional conflict over the extension of slavery that led to the American Civil War.

A treaty of friendship, limits, and accommodation, between the United States of America and the Choctaw Nation of Indians, begun and concluded at the Treaty Ground, in said nation near Doak's Stand, on the Natchez Road.

Transcontinental Treaty (Adams Treaty of 1819) ratified: Spain cedes FL, Indians are urged to relocate to Indian Territory West of the Mississippi River (Oklahoma).

Second Missouri Compromise:Congress stipulated that Missouri could not gain admission to the Union until it agreed that the exclusionary clause would never be interpreted in such a way as to abridge the privileges and immunities of U.S. citizens; the Missouri constitutional convention empowered the state legislature to exclude free blacks and mulattoes, however, a new crisis was brought on. Enough northern congressmen objected to the racial provision that Clay was called upon to formulate the Second Missouri Compromise.

In the midst of the chaos, the Arkansas territorial capital was scheduled to move to Little Rock on June 1, 1821. Disgruntled settlers disguised themselves as Indians to move buildings at night in support of their claims. In the end, the claims were ruled invalid as the Quapaw had not ceded the land at “The Rock” until 1818, and a compromise was reached. The name changed back to Little Rock, and in the fall of 1821, the Arkansas territorial capital was moved there from Arkansas Post. Little Rock was incorporated as a town in 1831 and as a city in 1835.

Denmark Vesey and his supporters planned a slave rebellion for July 14, 1822. However, “a servant prompted by attachment to his master, communicated to him that he had been requested to give his assent and subscribe his name to a list of persons already engaged in the conspiracy.” Vesey and thirty-four others were executed, by South Carolina, for their plans of treason against the white population of the United States.

Gathering of Native Americans, Arkansas territorial officials, and U.S. government representatives held in 1822 at the confluence of the Poteau and Arkansas rivers to establish amicable relations between Osage and Cherokee who were engaged in hostile actions that disrupted a large portion of the frontier region; Treaty between the Osage and Cherokee Nations; Representatives of both tribes gathered at Belle Point on July 30, 1822, to work out a manageable strategy to resolve some of their current disputes and to establish ground rules for living in close proximity without provoking future violence.

Johnson v McIntosh: private citizens could not purchase land directly from Native Americans. Land can only be sold to the U.S. government; "Land transfers from Native Americans to private individuals are void. When a tract of land has been acquired through conquest, and the property of most people who live there arise from the conquest, the people who have been conquered have a right to live on the land but cannot transfer title to the land."; This case decided that Native Americans did not have legal right to convey the land which they inhabited. Through the Discovery Doctrine, the Court determined that European "discovery" of new land gave the discovering nation title against other European powers and the right to acquire title to the land from the indigenous peoples who lived there. This decision reduced Native Americans' right to their ancestral lands to a mere right of occupancy often referred to as a "aboriginal title."

(“Agreement of the relinquishment by certain chiefs of land reserved by the treaty of September 18, 1823”); Cleared land in Arkansas of Indian nations for settlement

The Treaty of Moultrie Creek was an agreement signed in 1823 between the government of the United States and the chiefs of several groups and bands of Indians living in the present-day state of Florida. The treaty established a reservation in the center of the Florida peninsula.

John c. Calhoun created Office of Indian Affairs in the War Department to oversee and carries out Federal government trade and treaty relations with the tribes; The War Department Office of Indian Trade became the Office of Indian Affairs in 1824. It was transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1849 and became the BIA and was relocated to Chicago in 1949; "re-socialization" of Native Americans into Anglo-American culture. BIA agents assisted in the kidnapping of Indian children from their families and their enrollment in military and religious boarding schools; BIA version 2

The Quapaw Nation of Indians cede to the United States of America, in consideration of the promises and stipulations hereinafter made, all claim or title which they may have to lands in the Territory of Arkansas, comprised in the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning at a point on the Arkansas river, opposite to the Post of Arkansas, and running thence a due south-west course to the Ouachita river; and thence, up the same, to the Saline Fork; and up the Saline Fork, to a point from whence a due north-east course will strike the Arkansas river at Little Rock: and thence down the right (or south bank) of the Arkansas river to the place of beginning.

The Choctaw nation cede to the U. S. all that portion of the land ceded to them by the second article of the treaty of Doak's Stand, Oct. 18, 1820, lying E. of a line beginning on the Arkansas, 100 paces E. of Fort Smith, and running thence due S. to Red river, it being understood that this line shall constitute and remain the permanent boundary between the U. S. and the Choctaws.

France renounced all attempts to reconquer Haiti and recognized Haiti as an independent nation after Haiti agreed to pay France 150 million gold francs in indemnity to the former colonists within five years. 17 April 1825

Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, between William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Commissioner on the part of the United States, and the undersigned, Chiefs, Head-Men, and Warriors, of the Great and Little Osage Tribes of Indians, duly authorized and empowered by their respective Tribes or Nations.

Incidents in Lewis Springs Van Buren County

The United States House Committee on Territories was a committee of the United States House of Representatives from 1825 to 1946 (19th to 79th Congresses). Its jurisdiction was reporting on a variety of topics related to the territories, including legislation concerning them, and their admission as new states.

Forced to give up land in Arkansas; ​​An agreement negotiated with the Cherokee Nation moved the Cherokee-Arkansas border to a line running north from Fort Smith allowing the Territory access to all tribal property.

Articles of a treaty remade and concluded at the Missionary Establishments upon the St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan,, in the Territory of Michigan., this 20th day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight, between Lewis lass and Pierre Menard, Commissioners, on the part of the limited States, and the Potowatami tribe of Indians

In 1829, Mexico abolished slavery, but it granted an exception until 1830 to Texas. That year, Mexico made the importation of enslaved people illegal.[11] Anglo-American immigration to the province slowed at this point, with settlers angry about the changing rules.

Treaty between the United Kingdom and the Empire of Brazil, by which Brazil agreed to ban the African slave trade.

Indian Removal Act: Andrew Jackson authorized to grant lands west of Mississippi to native americans in exchange for indian lands within existing state borders; To carry out the Indian removal policy established by Andrew Jackson, thousands of Native Americans were forced to migrate to new Indian territory. President Andrew Jackson. gives plots of land west of the Mississippi River to Native American tribes in exchange for land that is taken from them. Every path on this "Trail of Tears" came through Arkansas. In 1838, 2,970 Cherokees, 630 Chickasaws and 2,237 Seminole Indians passed through Little Rock from their homelands east of the Mississippi River.

Treaty With the Chickasaw : 1830, Unratified

A treaty which was signed on September 27, 1830, and proclaimed on February 24, 1831, between the Choctaw American Indian tribe and the United States Government. This treaty was the first removal treaty which was carried into effect under the Indian Removal Act.

Cherokee Nation v. the State of Georgia: Cherokee Lands are under the authority of U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall denies Indians right ot court protection; Chief Justice Marshall termed tribes "domestic dependent nations," with the federal/tribal relationship resembling "that of a ward to his guardian."; This case clarified whether states could regulate Indian activity. Prior to the decision, the State of Georgia attempted to regulate the Cherokee Nation through its various counties. Upon hearing the case, the Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a "foreign state" under Article III, Section 2 of the United States Constitution. As a result, the Court found that the federal government had sole jurisdiction in the realm of regulating Native Americans. However, in doing so, the Court determined that tribes were "domestic dependent nations" and in a unique trustee relationship with the United States which prevented them free truly realizing self-determination.

Nathanial “Nat” Turner (1800-1831) was an enslaved man who led a rebellion of enslaved people on August 21, 1831. His action set off a massacre of up to 200 Black people and a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of enslaved people.

Worcester v. Georgia: Federal government has jurisdiction over Indian territories. Cherokee Nations was entitled to federal protection, Georgia state has no authority over Indian territory; This case resolved the ambiguities around which the federal government and states interpreted treaties with Native Americans. One year after Cherokee Nation, the Court reaffirmed the quasi-sovereign rights of tribes and further acknowledge the lack of power that states held over them. This case also established the Indian canons of construction, which recognized that many treaties were created in bad faith and were often carried out contrary to the agreed upon terms. According to the Court, (1) treaties with Native American tribes should be construed in favor of Native Americans' understanding of the terms, (2) ambiguities should also be interpreted to reflect the Native Americans' understanding of the treaty, and (3) tribes should retain their rights unless the treaty specifically states otherwise; The Court invalidated the state law and confirmed the Nation's sovereign rights under various treaties, including the right of self-governance and the right to occupy its own territory to the exclusion of the citizens of Georgia and of Georgia laws. According to Chief Justice Marshall, the "Cherokee nation . . . is a distinct community, occupying its own territory, . . . in which the laws of Georgia can have no force . . . ."

The brief conflict that was fought in 1832 was given the name the Black Hawk War and was between the United States and Native Americans.

Ratified Indian Treaty 168: Seminole - Payne's Landing, Ocklawaha River, Florida Territory, May 9, 1832.

Signed at the Chickasaw Council House on October 20, 1832, relinquished Chickasaw lands east of the Mississippi River in exchange for a promise to find suitable land west of the Mississippi River.

The Treaty of Tippecanoe was an agreement between the United States government and Native American Potawatomi tribes in Indiana on October 26, 1832.

Cleared land in Arkansas of Indian nations for settlement

Cleared land in Arkansas of Indian nations for settlement

Cleared land in Arkansas of Indian nations for settlement

A supplementary treaty was signed between the Chickasaw Nation and the United States in Washington, D.C., on May 24, 1834.

George Washington set the general borders of "Indian Territory" in what is now Oklahoma. British "Indian Reserves" as precedent. Indian Territory, originally “all of that part of the United States west of the Mississippi, and not within the States of Missouri and Louisiana, or the Territory of Arkansas.” The Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, Cherokee, and Chickasaw tribes were forcibly moved to this area between 1830 and 1843.; aka Nonintercourse Act

Confirming that the doctrine of discovery did not give “discovering” nations, or the United States as a successor in interest, title to Native lands and resources.

On February 27, 1835, President Andrew Jackson issued a patent for 160 acres forming the original settlement of Fayetteville. Incorporated in 1841.

The Caddo Indian Treaty of 1835 between the Caddo people of northwestern Louisiana and the US government resulted in a protected American boundary with Mexico, the relocation of the Caddo from Louisiana to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), and the establishment of present-day Shreveport.

Second Seminole War (Florida War): Result in war when Seminoles from a reservation in central FL are forced to move to Creek Reservation west of Mississippi River. longest war of Indian removal; Black Seminoles, also called Seminole Maroons or Seminole Freedmen

Free and enslaved Blacks joined Seminole Nation in the destruction of 21 sugar plantations; also african american event

The Dade Massacre: 180 Seminoles lead by Ocala ambushed and killed Francis Dades 100 soldiers that were traveling from Fort Brook to Fort King. Begins the second Seminole War; African american join the Seminoles. Aslo known as Black Seminoles or Afro-Seminoles

Treaty of New Echota: 500 Cherokees claiming to represent 16,000 tribe members signed an agreement to force removal of Cherokees from their Southeastern homes to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Ratified in 1836; US negotiated with the minority Treaty Party and signed the Treaty of New Echota on December 29, 1835, which required the Cherokee to leave by 1838. Despite the objection of Chief Ross and the council the US government held the treaty to be valid.

Slavery was recognized, and emancipation required the consent of the owner

Congress created the state of Arkansas on June 15, 1836; all land titles of the local indigenous peoples (Quapaw, Osage, Caddo, Cherokee, and Choctaw) had been withdrawn by the U.S. Congress, and the groups were forced westward into the Indian Territory (future state of Oklahoma); The last of the Creek leave their land for Oklahoma as part of the Indian removal process. Of the 15,000 Creeks who make the voyage to Oklahoma, more than 3,500 don’t survive.

Arkansas gains statehood, Benton co. est on Sept. 30th; As early as 1907 and as late as 1980, the printed record boasted of Rogers’ status as a sundown town.

Articles of convention and agreement made on the seventeenth day of January, 1837, between the undersigned chiefs and commissioners duly appointed and empowered by the Choctaw tribe of red people, and John McLish, Pitman Colbert, James Brown, and James Perry, delegates of the Chickasaw tribe of Indians, duly authorized by the chiefs and head-men of said people for that purpose, at Doaksville, near Fort Towson, in the Choctaw country.

The history of anti-miscegenation law in the American Southwest began after Texas obtained independence from Mexico in 1836. One year later, on 5 June 1837, the newly formed Republic became the first nation in the Southwest to prohibit people of different races from marrying freely.

7 Stat., 536. | Proclamation, June 15, 1838. 1838 | With only 2,000 Cherokees having left their land in Georgia to cross the Mississippi River, President Martin Van Buren enlists General Winfield Scott and 7,000 troops to speed up the process by holding them at gunpoint and marching them 1,200 miles. More than 5,000 Cherokee die during the journey.

Battle of the Loxahatchee River: final major battle that determined the Seminoles defeat; African american join the Seminoles. Aslo known as Black Seminoles or Afro-Seminoles

Cherokee Removal Order No. 25: Removal of Remaining Cherokee Indians to be moved to the West; General Winfield Scott to the majority of Cherokee and 1500 African American (enslaved and freed), and force them into wooden stockades and internment camps. Considered the first day of the Trail of Tears.

Florida territory

Largely under the guidance of English activist Joseph Sturge, the committee duly formed a new society, British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society on 17 April 1839, which worked to outlaw slavery in other countries.

The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Prigg who was convicted of kidnapping after he captured a suspected slave in Pennsylvania. Set the precedent that federal law superseded any state measures that attempted to interfere with the Fugitive Slave Act.

The Armed Occupation Act of 1842: Promotes white Settlement in FL and Second Seminole War is declared over. 3, 000 Seminoles removed to Indian Territory.

The National Convention of Colored Citizens was held August 15–19, 1843 at the Park Presbyterian Church in Buffalo, New York. Similar to previous colored conventions, the convention of 1843 was an assembly for African American citizens to discuss the organized efforts of the anti-slavery movement. The convention included individuals and delegates from various states and cities. Henry Garnet and Samuel Davis delivered key speeches. Delegates deliberated courses of action and voted upon resolutions to further anti-slavery efforts and to help African Americans.

Treaty Between the United States and the Creek and Seminole Indians Signed at the Creek Agency, Creek Territory, with Amendments Dated May 28, 1845.

August 6, 1846, a treaty was concluded between the United States, by Edmund Burke, William Armstrong, and Albion K. Parris, commissioners, the principal chief and delegates duly appointed by the Eastern Cherokees, the representatives of the treaty party, and the representatives of the Western Cherokees. 9 Stat. 871.

Native American displacement and African American explotation of labor

On April 27, 1848, the Proclamation of the Abolition of Slavery in the French Colonies was made. The effective abolition was enacted with the Decree abolishing Slavery of 27 April 1848. Gabon was founded as a settlement for emancipated slaves.

The Territory of Oregon was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Oregon.

Reopened trail from Fort Smith across Indian Territory to Santa Fe (originally established by Josiah Gregg along the Canadian River in the spring of 1839).

1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians: enabled whites to legally enslave Native people within the state of CA.

Fugitive Slave Act :was part of the Compromise of 1850. The act required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves.

Compromise of 1850 was a 5 bill package that included the Fugitive Slave Act. The act required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. The act also made the federal government responsible for finding, returning, and trying escaped slaves; (both national and Af Am)

Congress passes the Indian Appropriations Act, creating the Indian reservation system. Native Americans aren’t allowed to leave their reservations without permission;

The Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851 defined boundaries between Indian tribes of the northern Great Plains. (See Map 1.) The tribes that signed the treaty in 1851 agreed toallow travelers, railroad surveyors, and construction workers to enter tribal lands safely;allow the government to establish posts and roads;pay for any wrongdoing of their people;select head chiefs to deal with U.S. government agents;cease fighting with other tribes.

Articles of a treaty concluded at Washington, on the 22nd day of June, 1852, between Kenton Harper, commissioner on the part of the United States, and Colonel Edmund Pickens, Benjamin S. Love, and Sampson Folsom, commissioners duly appointed for that purpose, by the Chickasaw tribe of Indians.

Articles of a treaty made and entered into at Santa Fe, New Mexico, on the first day of July in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two, by and between Col. E. V. Sumner, U.S.A., commanding the 9th Department and in charge of the executive office of New Mexico, and John Greiner, Indian agent in and for the Territory of New Mexico, and acting superintendent of Indian affairs of said Territory, representing the United States, and Cuentas, Azules, Blancito, Negrito, Capitan Simon, Capitan Vuelta, and Mangus Colorado, chiefs, acting on the part of the Apache Nation of Indians, situate and living within the limits of the United States.

On December 14, 1852, Arkansas College became the first degree-granting college in the State of Arkansas. The college operated until the outbreak of the Civil War.

The M&LR Memphis & Little Rock was chartered by the State of Arkansas on January 10, 1853. it was the first railroad to operate in the state of Arkansas, the first division was completed November 1858; fully completed 1871.

The Cairo and Fulton Railroad was chartered by the State of Arkansas on February 9, 1853, to build a railroad line from the Arkansas-Missouri state line across Arkansas to Texas.

Treaty with the Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache

Chartered in November 1853 as the Little Rock and Fort Smith Branch of the Cairo and Fulton Railroad Company. In 1859, the Arkansas General Assembly passed a proposed act allowing the Little Rock and Fort Smith Branch to merge with the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad, forming the Central Pacific Railroad.

The Sioux Wars Native americans attempt to retain their way of life, but failed to overwhelming odds and the destruction of their food source.

The lands settlement treaty between the United States government and the Native American tribes of the greater Puget Sound region in the recently formed Washington Territory (March 1853), one of about thirteen treaties between the U.S. and Native Nations in what is now Washington.

White Mob unlawfully lynched Aaron and Anthony (Enslaved by James Boone), who were accused of Boone's murder. Randall (Enslaved by James Boone), accused of Boone's murder as well. Was also hanged in (present day Fayetteville National Cemetery near Oaks Cemetery).

Dred Scott v. John F.A. Sandford (Dred Scott Decision): Supreme Court decided that having lived in a free state and territory did not entitle an enslaved person, Dred Scott, to his freedom. In essence, the decision argued that, as someone’s property, Scott was not a citizen and could not sue in a federal court. The majority opinion by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney also stated that Congress had no power to exclude slavery from the territories.

Act 151 of 1859: Legislation was passed that banned manumission and residence of free blacks in the state. It threatened any free blacks within the state by year’s end with subjection to one year of slavery in order to pay for their eventual removal; The Arkansas General Assembly passed a bill in February 1859 that banned the residency of free African-American or mixed-race (“mulatto”) people anywhere within the bounds of the state of Arkansas. In 1846, the Statutes of Arkansas had legally defined mulatto as anyone who had one grandparent who was Negro. Free Negroes were categorized as “black” in the 1850 U.S. Census, so historians have adopted the term “free black” to refer to Negroes or mulattoes who were not enslaved. On February 12, 1859, Governor Elias N. Conway, who had supported removal, signed the bill into law, which required such free black people to leave the state by January 1, 1860, or face sale into slavery for a period of one year. Proceeds from their labor would go to finance their relocation out of the state. At the time, about 700 free black people lived in Arkansas, less than in any other slave state.A successful group of farmers in Marion County, numbering about 130, as well as a free black community in Desha County, were among the refugees. After the Civil War, in Marion County, where at least fifteen free black families had resided on individually owned farms, only one small family headed by a single woman returned to live in north Arkansas. Marion County today remains virtually without an African-American population; Free Blacks had until January 1st of 1860 to leave the state. or they face 1 year of slavery.

Craighead County and Jonesboro were officially born on February 19, 1859. Farmer Fergus Snoddy donated fifteen acres for a town site in the area that is now downtown Jonesboro.

Craighead County is Arkansas's 58th county, formed on February 19, 1859, and named for state Senator Thomas Craighead.

The Confederate Congress first met provisionally on February 4, 1861 in Montgomery, Alabama to form a unified national government among states whose secessionist conventions had resolved to leave their union with the United States.

American Civil War: between Confederate (11 Southern states that seceded) and the Union

Same as the original, except for references to the Confederate States of America replacing references to the United States of America, a legal prerequisite to joining the Confederacy

Election to remove Arkansas from the United States of America; Arkansas’s secession ultimately failed in 1865 due to the military defeat of the Confederacy.

Made and concluded at the North Fork Village, on the North Fork of the Canadian river, in the Creek Nation, west of Arkansas, on the tenth day of July, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, between the Confederate States of America, by Albert Pike, Commissioner, with plenary powers, of the Confederate States, of the one part, and the Creek Nation of Indians, by its Chiefs, Head Men and Warriors in General Council assembled, of the other part.

Made and concluded at the North Fork Village on the North Fork of the Canadian river, in the Creek Nation, west of Arkansas, on the twelfth day of July, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, between the Confederate States of America, by Albert Pike, Commissioner, with plenary powers, of the Confederate States of the one part, and the Choctaw Nation of Indians by Robert M. Jones, Sampson Folsom, Forbis Leflose, George W. Harkins, Allen Wright, Alfred Wade, Coleman Cole, James Riley, Rufus Folsom, William Pitchlynn, McGee King, Wm King, John Turnbull, and Wm. Bryant, Commissioners appointed by the Principal Chief of the said Choctaw Nation, in pursuance of an act of the Legislature thereof, and the Chickasaw Nation of Indians, by Edmund Pickens, Holmes Colbert, James Gamble, Joel Kemp, William Kemp, Winchester Colbert, Henry C. Colbert, James N. McLish, Martin W. Allen, John M. Johnson, Samuel Colbert, Archibald Alexander, Wilson Frazier, Christopher Columbus, A-sha-lah Tubbi, and John E. Anderson, Commissioners elected by the Legislature of the said Chickasaw Nation of the other part.

Made and concluded at the Seminole Council House in the Seminole Nation, west of Arkansas, on the first day of August, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, between the Confederate States of America, by Albert Pike, Commissioner, with plenary powers, of the Confederate States, of the one part, and the Seminole Nation of Red men, by its Chiefs, head men and warriors, in General Council assembled, of the other part.

Entered into and concluded at the Wichita Agency, near the False Washita river, in the country leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws, on the twelfth day of August, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, between the Confederate States of America, by Albert Pike, their Commissioner, with full powers, appointed by the President, by virtue of an act of the Congress in that behalf, of the one part, and the Pen-e-tegh-ca Band of the Ne-un or Comanches, and the tribes and bands of Wichitas, Cado-Ha-da-chos, Hue-cos, Ta-hua-ca-ros, A-na-dagh-cos, Ton-ca-wes, Ai-o-nais, Ki-chais, Shawnees and Delawares, residing in the said leased country, by their respective Chiefs and Head Men, who have signed these articles, of the other part.

Entered into and concluded at the Wichita Agency, near the False Washita river, in the country leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws, on the twelfth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, between the Confederate States of America, by Albert Pike, their Commissioner, with full powers, appointed by the President, by virtue of an act of the Congress in that behalf, of the one part, and the Ne-co-ni, Ta-ne-i-we, Co-cho-tih-ca and Ya-pa-rih-ca bands of the Ne-um or Comanches of the Prairies and Staked Plain, by their Chiefs and head men who have signed these articles, on the other part.

Entered into and concluded at Park Hill, in the Cherokee Nation, on the second day of October, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, between the Confederate States of America, by Albert Pike, their Commissioner, with full powers, appointed by the President, by virtue of an Act of the Congress in that behalf, of the one part, and the Great Osage Tribe of Indians, by its Chiefs and Headmen, who have signed these articles, of the other part.

Entered into and concluded at Park Hill, in the Cherokee Nation, on the second day of October, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, between the Confederate States of America, by Albert Pike, their Commissioner, with full powers, appointed by the President, by virtue of an Act of the Congress in that behalf, of the one part, and the Great Osage Tribe of Indians, by its Chiefs and Headmen, who have signed these articles, of the other part.

Entered into and concluded at Park Hill, in the Cherokee Nation, on the fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, between the Confederate States of America, by Albert Pike, their Commissioner, with full powers, appointed by the President, by virtue of an act of Congress in that behalf, and the Seneca tribe of Indians, formerly known as the Senecas of Sandusky, and the Shawnees of the tribe or confederacy of Senecas and Shawnees, formerly known as the Senecas and Shawnees of Lewistown, or the mixed bands of Senecas and Shawnees, each tribe for itself, by its Chiefs and warriors, who have signed these articles, of the other part.

Entered into and concluded at Park Hill, in the Cherokee Nation, on the fourth day of October, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, between the Confederate States of America, by Albert Pike, their Commissioner, with full powers, appointed by the President, by virtue of an act of Congress in that behalf, and the Seneca tribe of Indians, formerly known as the Senecas of Sandusky, and the Shawnees of the tribe or confederacy of Senecas and Shawnees, formerly known as the Senecas and Shawnees of Lewistown, or the mixed bands of Senecas and Shawnees, each tribe for itself, by its Chiefs and warriors, who have signed these articles, of the other part.

Daniel Freeman made the first claim under the Act, which gave citizens or future citizens up to 160 acres of public land provided they live on it, improve it, and pay a small registration fee.

This act provided Federal government support for the building of the first transcontinental railroad, which was completed on May 10, 1869.

Amended the Militia Act of 1795, making it legal for African-American men to enlist in the United States army "for the purpose of constructing intrenchments, or performing camp service or any other labor, or any military or naval service for which they may be found competent." The law also offered emancipation to any slaves of Confederates (as well as their families). Passed July 17, 1862.

Fugitives and Refugees from slavery; Runaway slaves were considered contraband property under the Confiscation Act—thus the name “contraband” camps. Eaton established the first contraband camp at Grand Junction in August 1862.

Fugitives and Refugees from slavery; Runaway slaves were considered contraband property under the Confiscation Act—thus the name “contraband” camps. Eaton established the first contraband camp at Grand Junction in August 1862.

Brief conflict between the Dakota people of Minnesota and settlers. Lasting only five weeks, the conflict had a profound impact on not only the Dakota, but Native Americans across the state.

Union victory The Battle of Prairie Grove was the last time two armies of almost equal strength faced each other for control of northwest Arkansas. When the Confederate Army of the Trans-Mississippi withdrew from the bloody ground on December 7, 1862, the Union forces claimed a strategic victory. It seemed clear that Missouri and northwest Arkansas would remain under Federal protection.

Battle of Prairie Grove: Union victory The Battle of Prairie Grove was the last time two armies of almost equal strength faced each other for control of northwest Arkansas. When the Confederate Army of the Trans-Mississippi withdrew from the bloody ground on December 7, 1862, the Union forces claimed a strategic victory. It seemed clear that Missouri and northwest Arkansas would remain under Federal protection; bloodiest battles near Cane Hill within Arkansas History

Frees all slaves in states in rebellion against the US.

On January 11, 1863, Union General John McClernand and Admiral David Porter capture Arkansas Post, a Confederate stronghold on the Arkansas River. The victory secured central Arkansas for the Union and lifted Northern morale just three weeks after the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia.

AKA Forty-sixth Regiment U.S. Colored Troops. The First Arkansas Volunteers of African Descent (May 1, 1863) designated the Forty-sixth Regiment U.S. Colored Troops on May 11, 1864. The First Arkansas would be one of four regiments of African Americans that was raised in Helena (Phillips County), a fortified city and naval port on the Mississippi River. Arkansas would be credited with 5,526 men in six regiments of African descent for Federal service. Allowing African-American men to serve was due in part to the Emancipation Proclamation and the Militia Act of 1862.

American Civil War battle fought Army of the Southwest took the Mississippi River port of Helena

Violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the culmination of white working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil and most racially charged urban disturbance in American history.

AKA Engagement at Bayou Fourche; American Civil War battle Little Rock (Pulaski County) fell to Union forces (in September 1863) giving the Union effective control of the strategically important Arkansas River Valley.

Federal troops captured Little Rock.

Abolished slavery and repudiated secession but did not define the rights of former slaves; A constitutional convention of Arkansas Unionists convened in Little Rock. March 14, 1864: Arkansas's third constitution, drawn up under President Abraham Lincoln's wartime reconstruction plan, was ratified.

June 28, 1864, both Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793 and 1850 were repealed by an act of Congress and signed by Abraham Lincoln. The 13th Amendment followed.

Kit Carson rounded up 8,000 Navajos and forced them to walk more than 300 miles from northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico to Bosque Redondo, a desolate tract on the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico.

A United States Colored Troops (USCT) regiment formed in Arkansas during the Civil War. Consisting of former slaves, the original unit was known as the Sixth Arkansas Volunteer Infantry (African Descent). The 113th never reached full strength, leading to its consolidation with two other regiments to form a new regiment.

650 Colorado volunteer forces attack Cheyenne and Arapaho encampments along Sand Creek, killing/ mutilating more than 150 American Indians.

One of the sites of the Polk County Race War of 1896; incorporated October 11, 1898

General Sherman’s Special Field Orders No. 15; Were military orders issued during the American Civil War, on January 16, 1865, by General William Tecumseh Sherman, commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi of the United States Army.

President Abraham Lincoln established the Freedman’s Bank on March 3, 1865 as part of the Freedman’s Bureau. Established by US Congress to incorporate African Americans into the US economy.

On March 3, 1865, Congress passed “An Act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees” to provide food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans.

On the evening of April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor and Confederate sympathizer, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.

To renew relations with the new federal government at the end of the Civil War, secessionist tribes would have to comply with seven stipulations. These terms included “permanent peace and amity” within and between the tribes and with the United States; measures to assist the government in keeping the peace among the Plains Indians; the abolition of slavery; the incorporation of the freedmen into the tribes “on an equal footing”; the surrender of portions of tribal lands to be used to resettle tribes from Kansas; the organization of a consolidated government of the tribes in Indian Territory; and the exclusion of whites from living in Indian Territory. Most objectionable to the Native Americans were the incorporation of the freedmen into the tribal nations and the scheme of a consolidated government, which was deemed a diminishment of the individual tribes’ identities. The series of renegotiared treaties are referred to as "Reconstruction Treaties."

Articles of treaty and convention, made and concluded at Canville Trading Post, Osage Nation, within the boundary of the State of Kansas, on the twenty-ninth day of September, eighteen hundred and sixty-five, by and between D. N. Cooley, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Elijah Sells, superintendent of Indian Affairs for the southern superintendency, commissioners on the part of the United States, and the chiefs of the tribe of Great and Little Osage Indians, the said chiefs being duly authorized to negotiate and treat by said tribes.

13th Amendment Ratified: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

Reconstruction, in U.S. history, the period (1865–77) that followed the American Civil War and during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war.

On December 24, 1865, a group of former Confederate soldiers established what would become the first chapter of the Ku Klux Klan, or KKK, in Pulaski, Tennessee.

On January 5, 1866, Illinois senator Lyman Trumbull introduced a bill to extend the provisions of the Freedmen’s Bureau Act by removing an expiration date and encompassing freedmen and refugees everywhere in the United States—not just in the ex-Confederate states. His bill also expanded the power of military governors to enforce provisions to protect African Americans and defined the organization of interim governments in the South under conditions prescribed by Congress.

Hd. Quarters Commission for regulating relations between Freedmen of the Indian Territory and their former masters.Ft. Smith Ark. Jan. 8th 1866

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 (14 Stat. 27–30, enacted April 9, 1866, reenacted 1870) was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.

Cede right of way for railroad; Agree to receive and locate 10,000 Kansas Indians.

The term Reconstruction Era typically covers the transformation of the Southern United States in the decade after the Civil War. However, the reconstruction of the Indian Territory lasted significantly longer and fostered policy changes that impacted other tribes in the rest of the country.

For a small fee, the act granted 80 acres (increased to 160 acres in 1868) to African Americans to settle on and farm the land; The Southern Homestead Act was signed into law by President Andrew Johnson. The act attempted to improve levels of land ownership among freed slaves and poor whites by opening over 46 million acres of public land for sale at reduced prices. The law was repealed in 1876 after only limited success.

The term Reconstruction Era typically covers the transformation of the Southern United States in the decade after the Civil War. However, the reconstruction of the Indian Territory lasted significantly longer and fostered policy changes that impacted other tribes in the rest of the country.

Choctaw and Chickasaw freedmen granted the choice of being adopted into nations or being removed by the federal government and settled elsewhere as per Reconstruction treaties. Chickasaw refused to accept the Freedmen into the Chickasaw Nation (on the grounds that the Nation was so small that absorbing their Freedmen would dilute the Chickasaw Nation); “Members of Congress are using a housing bill to force the Choctaw and other Native nations to recognize as citizens the descendants of people enslaved by tribal members.”; What tribal sovereignty means for Freedmen citizenship: Is Congress coercing the Choctaw Nation into doing away with discriminatory policies? March 3 2021

The term Reconstruction Era typically covers the transformation of the Southern United States in the decade after the Civil War. However, the reconstruction of the Indian Territory lasted significantly longer and fostered policy changes that impacted other tribes in the rest of the country.

Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole freedmen granted unqualified rights as per Reconstruction treaties; “Members of Congress are using a housing bill to force the Choctaw and other Native nations to recognize as citizens the descendants of people enslaved by tribal members.”; What tribal sovereignty means for Freedmen citizenship: Is Congress coercing the Choctaw Nation into doing away with discriminatory policies? March 3 2021

In the elections of August 1866, ex-Confederates gained control of much of the state, including the legislature. The new legislature, composed of many of the state's antebellum elite, refused to ratify the proposed Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. They did, however, pass the state's first state law providing for tax-supported public schools. The schools were limited to whites, though.

The term Reconstruction Era typically covers the transformation of the Southern United States in the decade after the Civil War. However, the reconstruction of the Indian Territory lasted significantly longer and fostered policy changes that impacted other tribes in the rest of the country.

There shall be perpetual peace between the United States and the Seminole Nation, and the Seminoles agree to be and remain firm allies of the United States, and always faithfully aid the Government thereof to suppress insurrection and put down its enemies.

At the beginning of the Civil War, the Union Army was withdrawn from Indian Territory exposing the Five Civilized Tribes to aggression from the Plains Indians. The Confederacy filled the vacuum. All of the Five Civilized Tribes as well as other surrounding tribes signed treaties with the Confederacy. As a part of reconstruction, the Southern Treaty Commission was created by Congress to write new treaties with the Tribes that sided with the Confederacy.

Oaks Cemetery (near Fayetteville National Cemetery): only place where African Americans were allowed to be buried; Twin Oaks, the African Cemetery, or the Colored Cemetery, Oaks Cemetery is a historic African American cemetery located adjacent to the National Cemetery in Fayetteville (Washington County). It is the only location specifically set aside for African American burials in the city; Narrative Potential: In order to meet the need for a cemetery for the newly free population of the surrounding area, Stephen K. and Amanda Stone sold a plot of land on the southern edge of the city to the African American community of Fayetteville on July 4, 1867, for ten dollars ($10). Stephen K. and Amanda Stone conveyed the property to Mary Lowe, Lafayette Gregg, E.D. Ham, Malloy, and William Storey to hold in trust “for the Colored peoples of Washington County” and that the land would be used “for the purposes of a Church or a schoolhouse for the Colored people, or for any other purposes that will add to the … improvement of the Colored people of said county.” …Prior to the establishment of either Oaks Cemetery or the Fayetteville National Cemetery, this rise of land was known locally as Gallows Hill, and possibly served as the location for county hangings.

The said Apache tribe of Indians agree to confederate and become incorporated with the said Kiowa and Comanche Indians, and to accept as their permanent home the reservation described in the aforesaid treaty with said Kiowa and Comanche tribes, concluded as aforesaid at this place, and they pledge themselves to make no permanent settlement at any place, nor on any lands, outside of said reservation.

The Ku Klux Klan first appeared in Arkansas in April 1868, just a month after African Americans voted in Arkansas elections for the first time.

Sioux Nation: Sioux-Brule, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, San Arcs, and Santee-and Arapaho, United States recognized the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation, set aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people.

Supplemented the treaty of 1866 and also ceded the Cherokee Outlet in Indian Territory.

The U.S. agents at the council came with a new federal policy that focused on placing all tribes on reservations.

Reservation in Montana borders Wyoming. The Treaty guaranteed members of the Crow Tribe the “right to hunt on the unoccupied lands of the United States so long as game may be found thereon, and as long as peace subsists among the whites and Indians on the borders of the hunting districts.

Arkansas was readmitted to the Union.

Was passed, made black citizens of the US.

Governor Powell Clayton declared martial law in ten counties in response to violence against African Americans and members of the Republican Party. It was later extended to four additional counties.

A series of conflicts fought across the state in the aftermath of the Civil War, the Militia Wars were a response to the wave of violence that swept Arkansas after the adoption of the Constitution of 1868.

General George Armstrong Custer leads an early morning attack on Cheyenne living with Chief Black Kettle, destroying the village and killing more than 100 people, including many women and children and Black Kettle himself.

15 Stat. 673

Soon, order was restored throughout the state, and on March 13, 1869, the General Assembly passed a law that made the Ku Klux Klan illegal.

In 1862, the Pacific Railroad Act chartered the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroad Companies, tasking them with building a transcontinental railroad that would link the United States from east to west. Over the next seven years, the two companies would race toward each other from Sacramento, California on the one side to Omaha, Nebraska on the other, struggling against great risks before they met at Promontory, Utah, on May 10, 1869.

Outlawed the denial of the right to vote, was ratified.

Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first African American senator in 1870.

U.S. Cavalry in southern Texas invited some of the Black Seminoles to return and join the Army

"The End of Treaty Making." US Congress ends Indigenous sovereignty: “henceforth, no Indian nation or tribe...shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty.”; the House of Representatives added a rider to an appropriations bill ceasing to recognize individual tribes within the United States as independent nations “with whom the United States may contract by treaty.” This act ended the nearly 100-year-old practice of treaty-making between the Federal Government and Native American tribes.

"The End of Treaty Making." US Congress ends Indigenous sovereignty: “henceforth, no Indian nation or tribe...shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty.”; the House of Representatives added a rider to an appropriations bill ceasing to recognize individual tribes within the United States as independent nations “with whom the United States may contract by treaty.” This act ended the nearly 100-year-old practice of treaty-making between the Federal Government and Native American tribes.

In late 1871, Chicot County was taken over by several hundred African Americans, led by state legislator and county judge James W. Mason. The murder of African-American lawyer Wathal (sometimes spelled as Walthall) Wynn prompted the area’s black citizens to kill the men jailed for their role in the murder and take over the area. Many white residents fled, escaping by steamboat to Memphis, Tennessee, and other nearby river towns.

University of Arkansas was built with land from the U.S. Congress Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 (Morrill Act). 1899 | Renamed University of Arkansas

The St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad (Missouri Pacific) began service through Arkansas between St. Louis, Missouri, and Texarkana (Miller County).

The Fayetteville Confederate Cemetery in Fayetteville (Washington County) is the final resting place of Confederate soldiers who died throughout northwestern Arkansas.

Faulkner County, formed April 12, 1873, was the sixty-ninth county created in Arkansas. The county is located almost exactly in the geographical center of the state of Arkansas, and was created from portions of Conway and Pulaski counties. Faulkner County was named after Colonel Sandy Faulkner, the composer of the famous fiddle tune, “The Arkansas Traveler.”

Colfax Riot Massacre: 150 african americans killed

A financial crisis that triggered an economic depression in Europe and North America. In America it affected the RR boom. Railroads were the nation's largest non-agricultural employer. Banks and other industries were putting their money in railroads. When the banking firm of Jay Cooke and Company closed its doors on September 18, 1873, a major economic panic swept the nation.

Arkansas's fifth constitutional convention assembled in Little Rock; Current Arkansas constitution.

Original bill outlawed racial discrimination in juries, schools, transportation, and public accommodations.

First state-supported black institution opened

The founding of Hickory Ridge is often dated to the opening of the area’s post office, which took that name, on October 5, 1875. The 1880 population of the township increased to 342.

Incorporated. 2020 white supremacist organizations https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/inside-most-racist-town-americ…

In the Battle of Little Bighorn, also known as “Custer’s Last Stand,” Lieutenant Colonel George Custer’s troops fight Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, along Little Bighorn River. Custer and his troops are defeated and killed, increasing tensions between Native Americans and white Americans.

Established in the 1870s as a railway station, Malvern benefited greatly when it became the seat of Hot Spring County just a few years following the city’s incorporation.

An informal congressional arrangement that settled the disputed 1876 presidential election that resulted in the departure of US troops from the South.

Chief Joseph formally surrendered his forces to General Nelson A. Miles and General Oliver Otis Howard at Bear Paw Mountain, Montana Territory. This effectively ended the Nez Perce War of 1877.

Philander Smith College was the first historically black, four-year college in Arkansas and the first historically black college to be accredited by a regional accrediting institution.

It is now Philander Smith College which trained black methodist ministers.

Celina's black population left on November 1, 1878 after being subject to a series of violent actions over the course of several months.

The first students attend Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, the country’s first off-reservation boarding school. The school, created by Civil War veteran Richard Henry Pratt, is designed to assimilate Native American students.

Organizd by the Knights of Labor. Unionizing local consisted only of African Americans.

Incorporated. Named after two railroad men

The Court ruled that the murder of one Indian person by another within Indian Country is not a criminal offense punishable by the United States. Indian tribes in their territory are free of regulation by other sovereign governments absent explicit direction from Congress.

It is now Arkansas Baptist College and it trained black methodist ministers

A well-known sundown town.

Arkansas Gazette, "Some of the Pope and Conway County People Prefer the Absence of the Colored Brother”

Act of Congress

Organized by the Knights of Labor. Shut down railway lines in five states (Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Texas, and Missouri), threatened to upset commerce nationally, and, with its promise of union recognition, attracted support from a wide spectrum of unskilled and semi-skilled railroaders. The strikers met with a terrible defeat that divested hundreds of their jobs, confirmed the power of the state and federal governments to repress labor unrest on the railways, and dealt a severe blow to the Knights of Labor, the nation’s largest labor union. However; strikers’ grassroots, cross-racial activism on the railroads contributed to the broader Populist movement in Texas and Arkansas.

The Court upheld Congress’ authority to pass the Major Crimes Act, holding that the U.S. federal government has “plenary power” or supreme, absolute control over Indian people.

All of the strikers were African Americans.

Now Shorter College. Founded by AME Church

Dawes Severalty Act or General Allotment Act, passed in 1887 under President Grover Cleveland, allowed the federal government to break up tribal lands

President Grover Cleveland signs the Dawes Act, giving the president the authority to divide up land allotted to Native Americans in reservations to individuals.

The St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway was a historic railroad that operated in Missouri, and Arkansas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Response to Brown v. Bd of Ed.